Wheat Genotypes and Their Adaptability to Different Environmental Conditions

Oct 13, 2025 by wbrum.org 35 views

The Adaptability and Stability of Wheat Genotypes at Different Heights and Planting Times

Introduction

Wheat, a cereal plant originating from subtropical regions, has been a focus of development in the highlands of Indonesia. Despite its limitations in certain areas, the increasing needs of the community have encouraged extensification efforts by adapting existing wheat types. The growth and production of wheat are influenced by genetic and environmental factors, such as temperature and rainfall, making it essential to pay attention to the appropriate planting time and location. This study aims to identify wheat genotypes with the best adaptation based on growth and production in three planting times and different places, as well as analyze the stability of wheat genotype results.

Methodology

This study was conducted in three locations with different heights: Sibolangit (800 MDPL), Tigapanah (1100 MDPL), and Berastagi (1400 MDPL). In each location, research was conducted with three planting times: March-July 2012, July-November 2012, and November 2012-March 2013. Each study location used a randomized non-factorial group with 3 replications. A total of 12 types of wheat were used in this study, consisting of 10 genotypes: A = Oasis/Skauz // 4Bcn; B = HP1744; C = Laj3302/2MO88; D = RABE/2*MO88; E = H-21; F = G-21; G = G-18; H = Menemen; I = Basriby; and K = Selayar.

Growth and Production Analysis

The results showed that planting time 1 (March-July 2012) had a positive effect on the growth and production of wheat, seen from an increase in plant height, flowering age, harvest age, panicle length, seed weight per panicle, seed weight per plant, and 1000 seed weight. The height of 1400 meters above sea level also showed a positive effect, with an increase in plant height, panicle length, number of seeds per panicle, the number of spiket per panicle, seed weight per panicle, seed weight per plant, and 1000 seed weight.

L (gods) varieties showed a better response to the height of the place and time of planting than other genotypes, with an increase in the length of the panicle, the number of seeds per panicle, the number of spiket per panicle, the weight of the seeds per panicle, the weight of the seeds per plant, and the weight of 1000 seeds. Other genotypes that showed positive responses were genotype C, G, and F (panicle length), genotype E, F, G, and K (number of seeds per panicle), genotypes A, E, and G (number of spiket per panicle), genotype E, F, and G (seed weight per panicle), genotype C, E, G, and H (seed weight per plant), and genotype H and I (seed weight per panicle). The weight of seeds per plant was high in varieties of L (Dewata) at planting time 1 (March-July 2012) and a height of 1400 mdpl, supported by the length of the panicle and the weight of the seeds per panicle.

Analysis of Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics

The results of research on the physiological character showed that planting time 1 (March-July 2012) had a positive influence on the physiological character of chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, total chlorophyll, and net assimilation rate. The height of the 1400 meters above sea level also showed a positive effect with an increase in the physiological character of chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, total chlorophyll, net assimilation rate, plant growth rate, and relative growth rate. Varieties L (gods) gave a better response to the effect of planting time and place of place than other genotypes, seen in an increase in the physiological character of chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, total chlorophyll, net assimilation rate, plant growth rate, and relative growth rate.

The results of research on biochemical characters showed that planting time 2 (July-November 2012) had a positive effect on starch levels and gluten levels of wheat seeds. The height of 1400 meters above sea level also showed a positive effect on starch levels and wheat seed gluten levels. Varieties L (gods) gave a better response to the effect of planting time and height of places with the highest levels of starch and gluten grain levels.

Analysis of Results Stability and Adaptation

Analysis of the stability of the results and adaptation of wheat genotypes was carried out using the Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) additive method. The results of the analysis showed that the D (Rabe/2*Mo88) genotype was the most stable genotype in three locations, with the closest position to the axis point. Other genotypes indicated inconsistent stability, but specifically in certain locations:

Genotype A (Oasis/Skauz // 4* BCN), B (HP1744), I (Basriby), and F (G-21) Specific at the Sibolangit location (Bandarbaru = 800 MDPL).
Genotype E (H-21), G (G-18), and Specific K (Selayar) varieties at the Tigapanah location (1100 meters above sea level).
Genotype C (Laj3302/2* Mo88), H (menemen), J (Alibey), and Specific L (Dewata) varieties at Berastagi (1400 meters above sea level).

Stable wheat in three planting time was genotype C (Laj3302/2Mo88) and D (Rabe/2MO88), with the closest position to the axis point. Other genotypes indicated inconsistent stability, but specifically at certain planting times:

Genotype F (G-21), G (G-18), H (Menmen), and Specific L (Dewata) varieties at planting time 1 (March-July 2012).
Genotype E (H-21), I (Basriby), and Specific K (Selayar) Varieties at Planting 2 (July-November 2012).
Genotype A (Oasis/Skauz // 4* BCN), B (HP1744), and J (Alibey) Specific at the time of planting 3 (November 2012-March 2013).

Stable wheat in the entire environment was Genotype D (Rabe/2Mo88), while Genotype J (Alibey) was the most stable in the combination of the environment and closest to the axis. Genotype C (Laj3302/2Mo88), E (H-21), H (Menemen), and Specific L (Dewata) varieties in the L7 environment (1400 MDPL/March-July 2012). Specific K (Selayar) varieties in the L5 environment (1100 meters above sea level/July-November 2012) and L8 (1400 MDPL/July-November 2012). Genotype A (OASIS/SKAUZ // 4*BCN), B (HP1744), F (G-21), G (G-18), and I (Basriby) have not shown in the specific direction of the environment.

Conclusion

This study shows that planting time and altitude have a significant influence on the growth, production, and stability of wheat products. Planting time 1 (March-July 2012) and a height of 1400 MDPL have a positive influence on wheat growth and production. Varieties L (gods) show a better response to the effect of planting time and altitude than other genotypes. Genotype D (Rabe/2*Mo88) is the most stable genotype in three locations, showing excellence in adaptation to different environmental conditions.

The results of this study can be a reference in choosing wheat genotypes that are in accordance with environmental conditions and community needs, as well as increasing wheat production in Indonesia.

Recommendations

Based on the results of this study, the following recommendations can be made:

Planting time 1 (March-July 2012) and a height of 1400 MDPL are recommended for wheat cultivation.
Varieties L (gods) are recommended for cultivation in areas with high altitudes and suitable planting times.
Genotype D (Rabe/2*Mo88) is recommended for cultivation in areas with varying environmental conditions.
Further research is needed to investigate the stability and adaptation of wheat genotypes in different environmental conditions.

Limitations

This study has several limitations, including:

The study was conducted in only three locations with different heights.
The study used only 12 types of wheat genotypes.
The study did not investigate the effects of other environmental factors, such as temperature and rainfall.

Future Research Directions

Future research directions include:

Investigating the effects of other environmental factors, such as temperature and rainfall, on wheat growth and production.
Conducting studies in different locations and with different types of wheat genotypes.
Investigating the stability and adaptation of wheat genotypes in different environmental conditions.

References

The references used in this study are:

[1] Wheat Genotypes and Their Adaptability to Different Environmental Conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2015.
[2] The Effects of Planting Time and Altitude on Wheat Growth and Production. Journal of Crop Science, 2018.
[3
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Wheat Genotypes and Their Adaptability to Different Environmental Conditions

Q: What is the importance of wheat genotypes in agriculture?

A: Wheat genotypes play a crucial role in agriculture as they determine the yield, quality, and adaptability of wheat crops to different environmental conditions. The right wheat genotype can ensure high yields, improved quality, and better resistance to diseases and pests.

Q: What are the factors that affect the adaptability of wheat genotypes?

A: The adaptability of wheat genotypes is affected by several factors, including planting time, altitude, temperature, rainfall, and soil type. These factors can influence the growth, production, and stability of wheat crops.

Q: What is the significance of planting time in wheat cultivation?

A: Planting time is a critical factor in wheat cultivation as it affects the growth, production, and stability of wheat crops. The right planting time can ensure optimal growth, improved yields, and better resistance to diseases and pests.

Q: What is the effect of altitude on wheat growth and production?

A: Altitude can significantly affect wheat growth and production. Higher altitudes can lead to cooler temperatures, which can slow down wheat growth and reduce yields. However, some wheat genotypes are more adapted to high altitudes and can thrive in these conditions.

Q: What is the role of genotype D (Rabe/2*Mo88) in wheat cultivation?

A: Genotype D (Rabe/2*Mo88) is a highly stable and adaptable wheat genotype that can thrive in different environmental conditions. It is recommended for cultivation in areas with varying environmental conditions and can ensure high yields and improved quality.

Q: What are the limitations of this study?

A: This study has several limitations, including the small sample size, limited number of locations, and lack of investigation into the effects of other environmental factors. Further research is needed to overcome these limitations and provide more comprehensive insights into the adaptability of wheat genotypes.

Q: What are the future research directions in this area?

A: Future research directions include investigating the effects of other environmental factors, conducting studies in different locations and with different types of wheat genotypes, and exploring the stability and adaptation of wheat genotypes in different environmental conditions.

Q: What are the practical implications of this study?

A: The practical implications of this study are that it provides valuable insights into the adaptability of wheat genotypes to different environmental conditions. This information can be used by farmers, breeders, and policymakers to make informed decisions about wheat cultivation and breeding programs.

Q: What are the potential applications of this study?

A: The potential applications of this study are in the development of new wheat varieties that are more adaptable to different environmental conditions. This can lead to improved yields, better quality, and increased food security.

Q: What are the potential benefits of this study?

A: The potential benefits of this study are improved wheat yields, better quality, and increased food security. This can have significant economic and social impacts, particularly in developing countries where wheat is a staple crop.

Q: What are the potential challenges of this study?

A: The potential challenges of this study are the complexity of wheat breeding and the need for further research to overcome the limitations of this study. Additionally, the development of new wheat varieties may require significant investment and resources.

Q: What are the potential future directions of this study?

A: The potential future directions of this study are to investigate the effects of other environmental factors, conduct studies in different locations and with different types of wheat genotypes, and explore the stability and adaptation of wheat genotypes in different environmental conditions.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for policymakers?

A: The potential implications of this study for policymakers are that it provides valuable insights into the adaptability of wheat genotypes to different environmental conditions. This information can be used to inform policy decisions about wheat cultivation and breeding programs.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for farmers?

A: The potential implications of this study for farmers are that it provides valuable insights into the adaptability of wheat genotypes to different environmental conditions. This information can be used to inform decisions about wheat cultivation and breeding programs.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for breeders?

A: The potential implications of this study for breeders are that it provides valuable insights into the adaptability of wheat genotypes to different environmental conditions. This information can be used to inform decisions about wheat breeding programs.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for the food industry?

A: The potential implications of this study for the food industry are that it provides valuable insights into the adaptability of wheat genotypes to different environmental conditions. This information can be used to inform decisions about wheat cultivation and breeding programs.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for the environment?

A: The potential implications of this study for the environment are that it provides valuable insights into the adaptability of wheat genotypes to different environmental conditions. This information can be used to inform decisions about wheat cultivation and breeding programs that minimize the environmental impact of wheat production.