The Unreliable Narrator in Realist Literature

Oct 13, 2025 by wbrum.org 94 views

The Unreliable Narrator in Realist Literature: A Case Study of "The Yellow Wallpaper"

The realist period in literature, which spanned from the late 19th to the early 20th century, was characterized by a focus on the mundane and the ordinary. Realist writers sought to portray the lives of everyday people in a truthful and unromanticized manner. One of the key techniques used by realist writers to achieve this goal was the use of the unreliable narrator. In this article, we will explore the concept of the unreliable narrator and examine how it is used in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's short story "The Yellow Wallpaper."

An unreliable narrator is a character in a story who narrates the events of the story in a way that is not entirely truthful or accurate. This can be due to a variety of reasons, such as the narrator's own biases, prejudices, or mental state. The use of an unreliable narrator allows the reader to question the events of the story and to draw their own conclusions about what is happening.

The Unreliable Narrator in Realist Literature

In realist literature, the unreliable narrator is often used to create a sense of ambiguity and uncertainty. By presenting the reader with a narrator who is not entirely trustworthy, the writer can create a sense of tension and suspense. This technique is particularly effective in realist literature, where the focus is on the mundane and the ordinary.

Evidence from "The Yellow Wallpaper"

Charlotte Perkins Gilman's short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" is a classic example of a realist text that uses the unreliable narrator. The story is told from the perspective of a woman who is suffering from what her husband believes to be a nervous disorder. The woman is confined to a room by her husband, who is a physician, and is forbidden from working or engaging in any stimulating activities.

The narrator of the story is a prime example of an unreliable narrator. Throughout the story, the narrator's perception of reality is distorted by her own biases and prejudices. She becomes increasingly obsessed with the yellow wallpaper in her room, which she believes to be a symbol of her own oppression. However, as the story progresses, it becomes clear that the narrator's perception of the wallpaper is not entirely accurate.

The Narrator's Distorted Perception

One of the key ways in which the narrator's perception is distorted is through her use of language. The narrator's language is often vague and ambiguous, and she frequently uses metaphors and similes to describe the wallpaper. For example, she describes the wallpaper as "a smoldering unclean yellow" and says that it "creeps up the walls like a damp mist." These descriptions create a sense of uncertainty and ambiguity, and suggest that the narrator's perception of the wallpaper is not entirely trustworthy.

The Narrator's Biases and Prejudices

The narrator's biases and prejudices are also a key factor in her distorted perception of reality. Throughout the story, the narrator expresses a deep-seated hatred of her husband and a desire for independence. However, she is also deeply entrenched in the societal norms of her time, and is unable to express her own desires and needs. This creates a sense of tension and conflict within the narrator, and contributes to her distorted perception of reality.

The Narrator's Mental State

The narrator's mental state is also a key factor in her distorted perception of reality. Throughout the story, the narrator's mental state is described as being increasingly unstable. She becomes increasingly obsessed with the wallpaper, and begins to see patterns and shapes in it that are not actually there. This suggests that the narrator is suffering from a mental illness, such as schizophrenia or paranoia.

In conclusion, the unreliable narrator is a key characteristic of realist literature. By using an unreliable narrator, writers can create a sense of ambiguity and uncertainty, and draw the reader into the world of the story. In "The Yellow Wallpaper," Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses the unreliable narrator to create a sense of tension and suspense, and to explore the themes of oppression and mental illness. The narrator's distorted perception of reality is a key factor in the story's ambiguity and uncertainty, and serves to highlight the ways in which societal norms and expectations can shape our perceptions of the world.

The Significance of "The Yellow Wallpaper"

"The Yellow Wallpaper" is a significant work of realist literature because of its exploration of the themes of oppression and mental illness. The story is a powerful critique of the societal norms of the time, and highlights the ways in which women were treated as inferior to men. The story is also significant because of its use of the unreliable narrator, which creates a sense of ambiguity and uncertainty that draws the reader into the world of the story.

The Legacy of "The Yellow Wallpaper"

"The Yellow Wallpaper" has had a significant impact on the literary world. The story has been widely anthologized and studied, and has influenced a generation of writers. The story's use of the unreliable narrator has also been influential, and has been used by writers such as Edgar Allan Poe and F. Scott Fitzgerald.

The Continued Relevance of "The Yellow Wallpaper"

Despite being written over a century ago, "The Yellow Wallpaper" remains a relevant and powerful work of literature. The story's exploration of the themes of oppression and mental illness continues to resonate with readers today, and the story's use of the unreliable narrator remains a key technique in literary fiction. The story's continued relevance is a testament to the power of Gilman's writing, and serves to highlight the importance of exploring the complexities of the human experience.

Gilman, C. P. (1892). The Yellow Wallpaper. The New England Magazine, 11(1), 647-653.

The Yellow Wallpaper is a short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, first published in 1892.
The story is a classic example of a realist text that uses the unreliable narrator.
The narrator's distorted perception of reality is a key factor in the story's ambiguity and uncertainty.
The story is a powerful critique of the societal norms of the time, and highlights the ways in which women were treated as inferior to men.
The story's use of the unreliable narrator has been influential, and has been used by writers such as Edgar Allan Poe and F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Q&A: Exploring the Unreliable Narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper"

In our previous article, we explored the concept of the unreliable narrator in realist literature, using Charlotte Perkins Gilman's short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" as a case study. In this article, we will answer some of the most frequently asked questions about the story and its use of the unreliable narrator.

Q: What is the purpose of the unreliable narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper"?

A: The purpose of the unreliable narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" is to create a sense of ambiguity and uncertainty. By presenting the reader with a narrator who is not entirely trustworthy, Gilman is able to explore the themes of oppression and mental illness in a way that is both subtle and powerful.

Q: Why is the narrator's perception of reality distorted?

A: The narrator's perception of reality is distorted due to a combination of factors, including her own biases and prejudices, her mental state, and the societal norms of her time. Throughout the story, the narrator's perception of the world is filtered through her own experiences and emotions, which creates a sense of uncertainty and ambiguity.

Q: What is the significance of the yellow wallpaper in the story?

A: The yellow wallpaper is a symbol of the narrator's oppression and her desire for independence. Throughout the story, the narrator becomes increasingly obsessed with the wallpaper, which she sees as a symbol of her own confinement. The wallpaper also serves as a metaphor for the societal norms that restrict women's lives and limit their opportunities.

Q: How does the narrator's mental state contribute to the story's ambiguity?

A: The narrator's mental state is a key factor in the story's ambiguity. Throughout the story, the narrator's mental state is described as being increasingly unstable, which creates a sense of uncertainty and ambiguity. The narrator's perceptions of reality are distorted by her own mental state, which makes it difficult for the reader to distinguish between reality and fantasy.

Q: What is the relationship between the narrator and her husband?

A: The relationship between the narrator and her husband is complex and multifaceted. On the surface, the husband appears to be a kind and caring person who is trying to help his wife. However, as the story progresses, it becomes clear that the husband is also a symbol of the narrator's oppression. He is a representative of the societal norms that restrict women's lives and limit their opportunities.

Q: How does the story's use of the unreliable narrator contribute to its themes?

A: The story's use of the unreliable narrator contributes to its themes in several ways. By presenting the reader with a narrator who is not entirely trustworthy, Gilman is able to explore the themes of oppression and mental illness in a way that is both subtle and powerful. The narrator's distorted perception of reality creates a sense of ambiguity and uncertainty, which highlights the complexities of the human experience.

Q: What is the significance of the story's ending?

A: The story's ending is significant because it highlights the narrator's descent into madness. The narrator's final statement, "I've got out at last," suggests that she has finally broken free from her confinement and is able to see the world in a new and different way. However, this statement is also ambiguous, and can be interpreted in several different ways.

Q: What is the legacy of "The Yellow Wallpaper"?

A: The legacy of "The Yellow Wallpaper" is significant because it has influenced a generation of writers and continues to be widely studied and anthologized. The story's use of the unreliable narrator has been particularly influential, and has been used by writers such as Edgar Allan Poe and F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Q: Why is "The Yellow Wallpaper" still relevant today?

A: "The Yellow Wallpaper" is still relevant today because it continues to explore the themes of oppression and mental illness in a way that is both subtle and powerful. The story's use of the unreliable narrator creates a sense of ambiguity and uncertainty, which highlights the complexities of the human experience. The story's continued relevance is a testament to the power of Gilman's writing and serves to highlight the importance of exploring the complexities of the human experience.

Gilman, C. P. (1892). The Yellow Wallpaper. The New England Magazine, 11(1), 647-653.

The Yellow Wallpaper is a short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, first published in 1892.
The story is a classic example of a realist text that uses the unreliable narrator.
The narrator's distorted perception of reality is a key factor in the story's ambiguity and uncertainty.
The story is a powerful critique of the societal norms of the time, and highlights the ways in which women were treated as inferior to men.
The story's use of the unreliable narrator has been influential, and has been used by writers such as Edgar Allan Poe and F. Scott Fitzgerald.