Policymakers can use the findings of this study to inform the development of policies and programs aimed at reducing maternal and fetal mortality

Oct 13, 2025 by wbrum.org 126 views

Risk Factors that Influence the Occurrence of Preeclampsia in the Mother Nulipara: A Systematic Study

Introduction

Preeclampsia is a serious medical condition characterized by the occurrence of new hypertension (de novo) after the gestational age of more than 20 weeks, which is often accompanied by proteinuria and impaired organ function in pregnant women and in the uteroplacenta. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal mortality worldwide, resulting in over 70,000 deaths and 500,000 fetal deaths and neonates each year. This disease has multifactorial properties, where several risk factors are often found in Nulipara mothers (mothers who have never given birth) including maternal age, history of smoking, body mass index (IMT), diabetes mellitus, and history of miscarriage. Understanding these risk factors is crucial in developing effective prevention strategies, which can contribute to the reduction of maternal mortality in Indonesia and worldwide.

The Importance of Identifying Risk Factors

Preeclampsia is a complex disease that requires a comprehensive approach to prevention and management. Identifying the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers is essential in developing targeted interventions. By understanding the factors that increase the risk of preeclampsia, healthcare providers can provide personalized care and recommendations to pregnant women, reducing the likelihood of complications. This study aims to explore and analyze the risk factors that affect the occurrence of preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers, providing valuable insights for healthcare providers and policymakers.

Research Methods

This study employed a systematic review of existing literature to identify the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers. A comprehensive search of three relevant journal databases was conducted, resulting in the inclusion of 21 studies that met the established inclusion criteria. The studies examined were evaluated for their methodological quality and relevance to the research question.

Research Results

The results of this systematic study showed that there were 734,680 participants from 21 literature examined. The risk factors with the highest odds ratio values were Body Mass Index (IMT) with an odds ratio (OR) of 7.4, followed by diabetes mellitus with OR of 5.39, and maternal age. On the other hand, the history of smoking (OR: 0.91) and a history of miscarriage (OR: 0.98) showed that both of these factors function as protective factors for the occurrence of preeclampsia. In addition, IMT mothers were the most discussed risk factors in studies studied, followed by a history of smoking, maternal age, miscarriage, and diabetes mellitus.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that maternal age, diabetes mellitus, and Mother's BMI are significant risk factors in influencing the occurrence of preeclampsia in the mother nulipara. Meanwhile, a history of smoking and history of miscarriage is proven as a protective factor that can reduce the possibility of preeclampsia. In-depth understanding of these factors is very important for the development of prevention and management of preeclampsia, so it is expected to significantly reduce maternal and fetal mortality.

Recommendations

To increase prevention of preeclampsia, it is recommended that medical personnel and the community increase awareness about the importance of health monitoring during pregnancy, especially for Mrs. Nulipara. Make lifestyle changes, such as maintaining healthy weight, stopping smoking, and controlling comorbid diseases such as diabetes, will be very useful in reducing the risk of preeclampsia. In addition, routine and educational antenatal examination for prospective mothers regarding the risk of preeclampsia is highly recommended.

Implications for Healthcare Providers and Policymakers

The findings of this study have significant implications for healthcare providers and policymakers. Understanding the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers can inform the development of targeted interventions and prevention strategies. By providing personalized care and recommendations to pregnant women, healthcare providers can reduce the likelihood of complications and improve maternal and fetal outcomes. Policymakers can use the findings of this study to inform the development of policies and programs aimed at reducing maternal and fetal mortality.

Limitations of the Study

This study has several limitations. The study was limited to a systematic review of existing literature, which may not capture all relevant studies or risk factors. Additionally, the study relied on self-reported data, which may be subject to bias and error. Future studies should aim to address these limitations and provide more comprehensive insights into the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers.

Future Directions

The findings of this study highlight the need for further research into the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers. Future studies should aim to investigate the mechanisms underlying the relationship between these risk factors and preeclampsia, as well as the effectiveness of targeted interventions and prevention strategies. By continuing to build on the findings of this study, researchers and healthcare providers can work together to reduce maternal and fetal mortality and improve health outcomes for pregnant women worldwide.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Preeclampsia in Nulipara Mothers

Q: What is preeclampsia?

A: Preeclampsia is a serious medical condition characterized by the occurrence of new hypertension (de novo) after the gestational age of more than 20 weeks, which is often accompanied by proteinuria and impaired organ function in pregnant women and in the uteroplacenta.

Q: What are the risk factors for preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers?

A: The risk factors for preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers include maternal age, history of smoking, body mass index (IMT), diabetes mellitus, and history of miscarriage. However, this study found that Body Mass Index (IMT) with an odds ratio (OR) of 7.4, followed by diabetes mellitus with OR of 5.39, and maternal age are the most significant risk factors.

Q: What is the role of Body Mass Index (IMT) in preeclampsia?

A: Body Mass Index (IMT) is a significant risk factor for preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers. The study found that IMT mothers are the most discussed risk factors in studies studied, followed by a history of smoking, maternal age, miscarriage, and diabetes mellitus.

Q: Can a history of smoking reduce the risk of preeclampsia?

A: Yes, a history of smoking has been found to be a protective factor for the occurrence of preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers. The study found that the history of smoking (OR: 0.91) shows that smoking can reduce the risk of preeclampsia.

Q: What is the role of diabetes mellitus in preeclampsia?

A: Diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers. The study found that diabetes mellitus with an odds ratio (OR) of 5.39 is a significant risk factor for preeclampsia.

Q: Can a history of miscarriage reduce the risk of preeclampsia?

A: Yes, a history of miscarriage has been found to be a protective factor for the occurrence of preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers. The study found that the history of miscarriage (OR: 0.98) shows that miscarriage can reduce the risk of preeclampsia.

Q: What are the implications of this study for healthcare providers and policymakers?

A: The findings of this study have significant implications for healthcare providers and policymakers. Understanding the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers can inform the development of targeted interventions and prevention strategies. By providing personalized care and recommendations to pregnant women, healthcare providers can reduce the likelihood of complications and improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

Q: What are the limitations of this study?

A: This study has several limitations. The study was limited to a systematic review of existing literature, which may not capture all relevant studies or risk factors. Additionally, the study relied on self-reported data, which may be subject to bias and error.

Q: What are the future directions for research on preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers?

A: The findings of this study highlight the need for further research into the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers. Future studies should aim to investigate the mechanisms underlying the relationship between these risk factors and preeclampsia, as well as the effectiveness of targeted interventions and prevention strategies.

Q: How can pregnant women reduce their risk of preeclampsia?

A: Pregnant women can reduce their risk of preeclampsia by maintaining a healthy weight, stopping smoking, and controlling comorbid diseases such as diabetes. Regular health monitoring and antenatal examination can also help identify risk factors and prevent complications.

Q: What is the role of healthcare providers in preventing preeclampsia?

A: Healthcare providers play a crucial role in preventing preeclampsia by providing personalized care and recommendations to pregnant women. They can also educate pregnant women about the risk factors and prevention strategies for preeclampsia.

Q: What are the implications of this study for policymakers?

A: The findings of this study have significant implications for policymakers. Understanding the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of preeclampsia in Nulipara mothers can inform the development of policies and programs aimed at reducing maternal and fetal mortality.