Implementation of Infection Control Measures

Oct 13, 2025 by wbrum.org 1 views

Description of the Profile and Pattern of Bacterial Sensitivity that Causes Urinary Tract Infections in Patients with Urine Catheter Users in H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan in 2020-2021

Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) related to the use of urine catheters, or what is known as Cauti (Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection), is one of the health challenges in the hospital. Cauti occurs when infection appears after the urine catheter is installed for more than two days in a row. According to data from the CDC, as many as 19,738 cases of Cauti have been reported. The most common bacteria found in cases of Cauti are Escherichia coli, which currently faces the threat of antibiotic resistance. This study aims to describe the profile and pattern of bacterial sensitivity that causes urinary tract infections in patients with urine catheter users in H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan in 2020-2021.

Background

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. The use of urine catheters is a common medical practice that can increase the risk of developing UTIs. Cauti is a type of UTI that occurs when infection appears after the urine catheter is installed for more than two days in a row. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that as many as 19,738 cases of Cauti have been reported. The most common bacteria found in cases of Cauti are Escherichia coli, which currently faces the threat of antibiotic resistance.

Research Methodology

This study uses a descriptive retrospective design with a total sampling method from the secondary medical record data of ISK patients who use urine catheter and undergo urine culture at H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan. Through this method, the data obtained will reflect the actual conditions and infection patterns that occur in the hospital.

Research Result

From the results of the study, it was found that the majority of cauti patients were women with a percentage of 59.5%. The most age range is 46-65 years (54.1%), and most patients have accompanying diseases, especially those related to the heart and blood vessels (33.8%). Cases of cauti most often occur in 2021 with a percentage of 59.5%.

Microbiological Analysis

Microbiological analysis shows that this infection is dominated by gram -negative bacteria, with * Escherichia coli * is the main cause of infection (31.3%). Testing antibiotic sensitivity shows that some antibiotics still have a high level of sensitivity to e. coli, such as tigecycline (100%), meropenem (92.3%), ertapenem (88.5%), and nitrofurantoin (80.8%). However, there are also antibiotics such as Ceftriaxone (96.2%), Cefazolin (96.0%), ofloxacin (94.1%), Ampicillin/Sulbactam (80%), and Cefepime (70%) which shows high resistance.

Conclusion

This study concluded that the majority of cauti patients in H. Adam Malik Hospital were women aged between 46-65 years and had heart and blood vessels. In addition, cases of urinary tract infections related to this catheter occurred most in 2021. * Escherichia coli * is a major bacterium that causes infection with varying sensitivity patterns, where some antibiotics are still effective, while others show high resistance. This information is important for the development of more precise treatment strategies and preventing infections in the future.

Implication

The findings of this study have several implications for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections related to the use of urine catheters. Firstly, the study highlights the importance of implementing infection control measures to prevent the spread of UTIs. Secondly, the study suggests that the use of antibiotics should be based on the sensitivity patterns of the bacteria causing the infection. Finally, the study emphasizes the need for further research on the development of more effective treatment strategies for UTIs.

Recommendation

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:

Implementation of Infection Control Measures: Hospitals should implement infection control measures to prevent the spread of UTIs.
Use of Antibiotics Based on Sensitivity Patterns: Antibiotics should be used based on the sensitivity patterns of the bacteria causing the infection.
Development of More Effective Treatment Strategies: Further research should be conducted on the development of more effective treatment strategies for UTIs.

Limitation

This study has several limitations. Firstly, the study was conducted in a single hospital and may not be generalizable to other hospitals. Secondly, the study only included patients who underwent urine culture and may not be representative of all patients with UTIs. Finally, the study did not control for other factors that may have influenced the results.

Future Research

Future research should focus on the development of more effective treatment strategies for UTIs. This may include the development of new antibiotics or the use of alternative treatments such as probiotics. Additionally, further research should be conducted on the implementation of infection control measures to prevent the spread of UTIs.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study provides valuable information on the profile and pattern of bacterial sensitivity that causes urinary tract infections in patients with urine catheter users in H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan in 2020-2021. The study highlights the importance of implementing infection control measures and using antibiotics based on sensitivity patterns. The study also emphasizes the need for further research on the development of more effective treatment strategies for UTIs.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) related to Urine Catheters

Q: What is a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)?

A: A Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a type of infection that occurs when bacteria enter the urinary tract and cause an infection. UTIs can occur in any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, bladder, and urethra.

Q: What is a Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI)?

A: A Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) is a type of UTI that occurs when a catheter is inserted into the urinary tract. CAUTIs are a common health problem in hospitals and long-term care facilities.

Q: What are the risk factors for developing a CAUTI?

A: The risk factors for developing a CAUTI include:

Age: Older adults are at higher risk for developing CAUTIs
Sex: Women are at higher risk for developing CAUTIs than men
Medical conditions: People with certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, kidney disease, or urinary tract abnormalities, are at higher risk for developing CAUTIs
Catheter use: The longer a catheter is in place, the higher the risk of developing a CAUTI
Poor hygiene: Poor hygiene practices, such as not washing hands properly, can increase the risk of developing a CAUTI

Q: What are the symptoms of a CAUTI?

A: The symptoms of a CAUTI may include:

Pain or burning sensation while urinating
Frequent or urgent need to urinate
Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
Fever or chills
Blood in the urine

Q: How is a CAUTI diagnosed?

A: A CAUTI is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as:

Urine culture: A urine sample is sent to a laboratory to test for the presence of bacteria
Urine analysis: A urine sample is analyzed for signs of infection, such as white blood cells or bacteria
Imaging tests: Imaging tests, such as X-rays or ultrasound, may be used to visualize the urinary tract and identify any blockages or abnormalities

Q: How is a CAUTI treated?

A: A CAUTI is typically treated with antibiotics, which are medications that kill bacteria. The type and duration of antibiotic treatment will depend on the severity of the infection and the patient's medical history.

Q: How can CAUTIs be prevented?

A: CAUTIs can be prevented by:

Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands properly
Using sterile equipment and supplies
Avoiding the use of catheters whenever possible
Monitoring catheter use and removing it as soon as possible
Using antimicrobial catheters or coatings
Implementing infection control measures, such as regular cleaning and disinfection of equipment and surfaces

Q: What is the prognosis for patients with CAUTIs?

A: The prognosis for patients with CAUTIs is generally good, especially if the infection is treated promptly and effectively. However, if left untreated or if the infection is severe, CAUTIs can lead to serious complications, such as:

Sepsis: A life-threatening condition that occurs when the body's response to an infection becomes uncontrolled
Kidney damage: Prolonged or severe CAUTIs can damage the kidneys and lead to chronic kidney disease
Urinary tract damage: CAUTIs can cause damage to the urinary tract, leading to chronic pain, incontinence, or other complications

Q: What is the role of healthcare providers in preventing and treating CAUTIs?

A: Healthcare providers play a critical role in preventing and treating CAUTIs by:

Implementing infection control measures, such as regular cleaning and disinfection of equipment and surfaces
Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands properly
Using sterile equipment and supplies
Monitoring catheter use and removing it as soon as possible
Prescribing antibiotics and other medications as needed
Educating patients and families about CAUTIs and how to prevent them

Q: What is the role of patients and families in preventing and treating CAUTIs?

A: Patients and families play a critical role in preventing and treating CAUTIs by:

Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands properly
Reporting any symptoms or concerns to healthcare providers
Following treatment plans and taking medications as directed
Asking questions and seeking information about CAUTIs and how to prevent them
Participating in infection control measures, such as regular cleaning and disinfection of equipment and surfaces.