ICT adoption in clinical practice

Oct 13, 2025 by wbrum.org 29 views

Comparison of the Results of the Examination Results of the Immunochromatographic Test (ICT) Method with Giemsa Staining in Malaria Falciparum Infections

Introduction

Malaria is a serious health problem in tropical countries, with more than 300 to 500 million cases and 2 to 3 million deaths every year. In Indonesia, especially in Mandailing Natal Regency, Penyabungan District, Malaria is endemic with a high incidence. Malariometric survey conducted in 1999/2000 shows that this area is included in the category of high prevalence area (HPA) with a parasite rate (PR) of more than 4%. This study aims to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the two examination methods, namely the Immunochromatographic Test (ICT) and Giemsa coloring, against plasmodium falciparum infections.

Malaria is a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in tropical regions. The disease is caused by the Plasmodium parasite, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 228 million cases of malaria reported in 2019, resulting in 405,000 deaths. In Indonesia, malaria is a major health problem, particularly in the Mandailing Natal Regency, Penyabungan District, where the parasite rate is high.

Research Methodology

In this study, the method used was a diagnostic test by multiple disguised way. Samples are taken from patients who seek treatment at the Puskesmas and Hospitals in Penyabungan with complaints of fever above 37.5 ° C, as well as other symptoms such as pale, diarrhea, and headaches. Each patient undergoes a physical examination and a blood test using both methods, namely the coloring of Giemsa and ICT.

The study used a diagnostic test by multiple disguised way, where samples were taken from patients who sought treatment at the Puskesmas and Hospitals in Penyabungan. The patients were selected based on their symptoms, such as fever above 37.5 ° C, pale, diarrhea, and headaches. Each patient underwent a physical examination and a blood test using both methods, namely the coloring of Giemsa and ICT.

Results and Analysis

Of the 96 samples obtained, the results show that the ICT method has a sensitivity of 76.5% and a specificity of 68.9%. This number provides an overview of the efficacy of the ICT method in detecting malaria infections. Positive Ratio (LR+) likelihood is recorded at 2.45%, while the negative likelihood ratio (LR-) is 0.34%. This means, when the ICT results are positive, there is a greater possibility that the patient is truly infected, while the negative results do not fully guarantee the patient is free from infection.

The results of the study show that the ICT method has a sensitivity of 76.5% and a specificity of 68.9%. This indicates that the ICT method is effective in detecting malaria infections, but it is not 100% accurate. The positive ratio (LR+) likelihood is recorded at 2.45%, which means that when the ICT results are positive, there is a greater possibility that the patient is truly infected. However, the negative likelihood ratio (LR-) is 0.34%, which means that the negative results do not fully guarantee that the patient is free from infection.

The positive prediction value of ICT reached 73.6% and a negative prediction value of 72.1%, showed that although there were some possible errors, this tool still provided information that was useful for diagnosis. The overall accuracy of the ICT method is 73%, and the prevalence of malaria in the studied population was recorded at 53.1%. Pre-test odds show the figure of 1.13%, which indicates that there are little more likely a person is infected with malaria before the examination is carried out.

The positive prediction value of ICT reached 73.6%, which means that 73.6% of the patients who tested positive for malaria using the ICT method were actually infected. The negative prediction value of ICT reached 72.1%, which means that 72.1% of the patients who tested negative for malaria using the ICT method were actually free from infection. The overall accuracy of the ICT method is 73%, which means that 73% of the patients who were tested using the ICT method were correctly diagnosed.

Conclusion

From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the Immunochromatographic Test (ICT) is an alternative diagnostic tool that is effective for detecting malaria falciparum infections, especially in the field. Although not as accurate as the Giemsa coloring method, the high sensitivity and specificity value in ICT makes it a fast and simple choice for the diagnosis of malaria in endemic areas. Therefore, ICT adoption in clinical practice in malaria-prone areas can be an important step in the effort to control and handle this disease.

In conclusion, the Immunochromatographic Test (ICT) is an effective diagnostic tool for detecting malaria falciparum infections, especially in the field. Although it is not as accurate as the Giemsa coloring method, the high sensitivity and specificity value of ICT makes it a fast and simple choice for the diagnosis of malaria in endemic areas. Therefore, ICT adoption in clinical practice in malaria-prone areas can be an important step in the effort to control and handle this disease.

Recommendations

Based on the results of this study, the following recommendations can be made:

ICT adoption in clinical practice: ICT adoption in clinical practice in malaria-prone areas can be an important step in the effort to control and handle this disease.
Further research: Further research is needed to improve the accuracy of ICT and to compare it with other diagnostic methods.
Training and education: Training and education programs should be implemented to ensure that healthcare workers are familiar with the use of ICT and other diagnostic methods.
Access to ICT: Access to ICT should be improved in malaria-prone areas to ensure that patients have access to this diagnostic tool.

Introduction

The Immunochromatographic Test (ICT) method is a rapid and simple diagnostic tool for detecting malaria infections, particularly in endemic areas. In this article, we will address some of the frequently asked questions (FAQs) about the ICT method and provide answers to help clarify its use and benefits.

Q: What is the Immunochromatographic Test (ICT) method?

A: The ICT method is a rapid diagnostic test that uses a combination of antibodies and antigens to detect the presence of malaria parasites in a patient's blood sample.

Q: How does the ICT method work?

A: The ICT method works by using a combination of antibodies and antigens to detect the presence of malaria parasites in a patient's blood sample. The test involves adding a blood sample to a test strip, which contains antibodies that bind to the malaria parasites. If the parasites are present, the antibodies will bind to them, causing a color change that indicates a positive result.

Q: What are the advantages of the ICT method?

A: The ICT method has several advantages, including:

Rapid results: The ICT method provides rapid results, typically within 15-20 minutes.
Simple to use: The ICT method is simple to use and requires minimal training.
Cost-effective: The ICT method is cost-effective compared to other diagnostic methods.
Field-friendly: The ICT method is field-friendly and can be used in remote areas where access to laboratory facilities may be limited.

Q: What are the limitations of the ICT method?

A: The ICT method has several limitations, including:

Sensitivity and specificity: The ICT method may not be as sensitive and specific as other diagnostic methods, such as PCR.
Interpretation of results: The ICT method requires careful interpretation of results, as false positives and false negatives can occur.
Quality control: The ICT method requires regular quality control to ensure that the test strips are functioning correctly.

Q: Can the ICT method be used in combination with other diagnostic methods?

A: Yes, the ICT method can be used in combination with other diagnostic methods, such as PCR and microscopy, to improve the accuracy of malaria diagnosis.

Q: How can the ICT method be used in clinical practice?

A: The ICT method can be used in clinical practice as a rapid diagnostic tool for detecting malaria infections. It can be used in conjunction with other diagnostic methods, such as PCR and microscopy, to improve the accuracy of malaria diagnosis.

Q: What are the future directions for the ICT method?

A: The future directions for the ICT method include:

Improving sensitivity and specificity: Researchers are working to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the ICT method.
Developing new test formats: Researchers are developing new test formats, such as lateral flow assays, to improve the accuracy and speed of malaria diagnosis.
Expanding access to the ICT method: Efforts are being made to expand access to the ICT method in malaria-endemic areas.

Conclusion

The Immunochromatographic Test (ICT) method is a rapid and simple diagnostic tool for detecting malaria infections, particularly in endemic areas. While it has several advantages, including rapid results, simple use, and cost-effectiveness, it also has limitations, including sensitivity and specificity. By understanding the advantages and limitations of the ICT method, healthcare workers can use it effectively in clinical practice to improve the accuracy of malaria diagnosis.