Factors Affecting the Emergence of Drug Side Effects

Oct 13, 2025 by wbrum.org 83 views

The Impact of Short-Term Treatment on TB Drug Resistant Patients in H. Adam Malik Medan Hospital: Side Effects

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health problem that affects millions of people worldwide, including in Indonesia. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Report data in 2020, Indonesia ranked second in the world with a high number of TB cases, reaching 562,049 cases in 2019. The case of TB Resistant Drugs (TB-RO) is a serious problem, as the treatment is more complex and has the potential to cause side effects more diverse. In this study, we aim to describe the side effects experienced by TB-RO patients undergoing short-term treatment at H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan.

Background

TB is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. TB is a major public health problem in Indonesia, with a high number of cases reported every year. The treatment of TB is complex and requires a combination of antibiotics for a prolonged period. However, the emergence of drug-resistant TB strains has made treatment more challenging.

The Short-Term Medicine Guide (PJP)

In 2018, the Short-Term Medicine Guide (PJP) was introduced as a new treatment regimen for TB-RO patients. PJP has the potential to speed up the healing process and increase patient compliance in undergoing treatment. However, like other TB-RO treatment, PJP can also cause various side effects, ranging from mild to severe.

Methodology

This study is a descriptive retrospective study involving 152 TB-RO patients treated in H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan between 2017 and 2019. Data was obtained from the patient's medical record and analyzed to identify side effects that arise. The study aimed to describe the side effects experienced by TB-RO patients undergoing short-term treatment at H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan.

Results

The results showed that the most common side effects in patients undergoing PJP were electrolyte disorders (61.2%), nausea and vomiting (42.2%), and peripheral neuropathy (27.6%). Side effects that are rarely found include skin hyperpigmentation (0.7%), hallucinations (2.0%), and insomnia (2.0%).

Factors Affecting the Emergence of Drug Side Effects

Some factors can affect the emergence of drug side effects, such as:

Patient's health condition: Patients with comorbidity such as diabetes mellitus, heart disease, or HIV tend to be more susceptible to side effects.
Dosage and type of drug: PJP involves various types of drugs with a high enough dose.
Treatment Long: The longer the treatment, the higher the risk of side effects.

Side Effects in PJP Patients

Side effects that appear in PJP patients can be grouped based on the affected organs, namely:

Digestive system: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastritis, hepatotoxic.
Nervous system: Peripheral neuropathy, myalgia, arthralgia, vertigo, hallucinations.
Kidney System: Nefrotoxic.
Metabolic System: Electrolyte Disorders, Metabolic Disorders.
SKIN SYSTEM: Skin rashes, skin hyperpigmentation.
Hearing System: Ringing ears, decreased hearing, severe deafness.
Heart System: Lumps of QTC Interval.
Vision System: Disorders of vision.

Conclusion

It is essential to remember that not all TB-RO patients undergo PJP will experience side effects. However, it is crucial for medical personnel to monitor the patient's condition regularly, ask the complaints experienced, and conduct laboratory tests to detect early side effects that may arise. This research provides important information about the PJP side effect profile in TB-RO patients at H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan. The results of this study can be taken into consideration for medical personnel in monitoring and managing drug side effects in TB-RO patients undergoing PJP.

Future Research Directions

In the future, further research is needed to understand the factors that affect the risk of the emergence of PJP side effects and effective prevention strategies. This study highlights the importance of monitoring and managing side effects in TB-RO patients undergoing PJP, and the need for further research to improve treatment outcomes.

Limitations of the Study

This study has some limitations. The study was conducted in a single hospital, and the sample size was relatively small. Additionally, the study only included patients who underwent PJP treatment, and did not include patients who received other treatment regimens. Future studies should aim to include a larger sample size and a more diverse population to increase the generalizability of the findings.

Implications for Practice

The findings of this study have implications for practice. Medical personnel should be aware of the potential side effects of PJP and monitor patients regularly for signs of adverse reactions. Patients should also be educated about the potential side effects of PJP and encouraged to report any symptoms or complaints to their healthcare provider. This study highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to TB treatment, involving not only medical personnel but also patients and their families.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study provides important information about the side effects experienced by TB-RO patients undergoing short-term treatment at H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan. The results of this study can be taken into consideration for medical personnel in monitoring and managing drug side effects in TB-RO patients undergoing PJP. Further research is needed to understand the factors that affect the risk of the emergence of PJP side effects and effective prevention strategies.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about TB Drug Resistant Patients in H. Adam Malik Medan Hospital: Side Effects

Q: What is TB Drug Resistant?

A: TB Drug Resistant, also known as TB-RO, is a type of tuberculosis that is resistant to one or more of the antibiotics used to treat it. This makes it more challenging to treat and can lead to more severe side effects.

Q: What is the Short-Term Medicine Guide (PJP)?

A: The Short-Term Medicine Guide (PJP) is a new treatment regimen for TB-RO patients that has the potential to speed up the healing process and increase patient compliance in undergoing treatment.

Q: What are the common side effects of PJP?

A: The most common side effects of PJP include electrolyte disorders (61.2%), nausea and vomiting (42.2%), and peripheral neuropathy (27.6%).

Q: What are the factors that affect the emergence of drug side effects?

A: Some factors that can affect the emergence of drug side effects include:

Patient's health condition: Patients with comorbidity such as diabetes mellitus, heart disease, or HIV tend to be more susceptible to side effects.
Dosage and type of drug: PJP involves various types of drugs with a high enough dose.
Treatment Long: The longer the treatment, the higher the risk of side effects.

Q: What are the side effects that can occur in PJP patients?

A: Side effects that can occur in PJP patients can be grouped based on the affected organs, namely:

Digestive system: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastritis, hepatotoxic.
Nervous system: Peripheral neuropathy, myalgia, arthralgia, vertigo, hallucinations.
Kidney System: Nefrotoxic.
Metabolic System: Electrolyte Disorders, Metabolic Disorders.
SKIN SYSTEM: Skin rashes, skin hyperpigmentation.
Hearing System: Ringing ears, decreased hearing, severe deafness.
Heart System: Lumps of QTC Interval.
Vision System: Disorders of vision.

Q: How can medical personnel monitor and manage side effects in TB-RO patients undergoing PJP?

A: Medical personnel should monitor patients regularly for signs of adverse reactions, ask the complaints experienced, and conduct laboratory tests to detect early side effects that may arise.

Q: What are the implications of this study for practice?

A: The findings of this study have implications for practice. Medical personnel should be aware of the potential side effects of PJP and monitor patients regularly for signs of adverse reactions. Patients should also be educated about the potential side effects of PJP and encouraged to report any symptoms or complaints to their healthcare provider.

Q: What are the limitations of this study?

A: This study has some limitations. The study was conducted in a single hospital, and the sample size was relatively small. Additionally, the study only included patients who underwent PJP treatment, and did not include patients who received other treatment regimens.

Q: What are the future research directions?

A: In the future, further research is needed to understand the factors that affect the risk of the emergence of PJP side effects and effective prevention strategies.

Q: What is the importance of monitoring and managing side effects in TB-RO patients undergoing PJP?

A: Monitoring and managing side effects in TB-RO patients undergoing PJP is crucial to prevent severe complications and improve treatment outcomes.

Q: How can patients and their families be involved in the treatment of TB-RO patients?

A: Patients and their families should be educated about the potential side effects of PJP and encouraged to report any symptoms or complaints to their healthcare provider. They should also be involved in the treatment decision-making process and encouraged to ask questions and seek support when needed.

Q: What are the implications of this study for policy and practice?

A: The findings of this study have implications for policy and practice. Healthcare providers should be aware of the potential side effects of PJP and develop strategies to monitor and manage them. Patients should also be educated about the potential side effects of PJP and encouraged to report any symptoms or complaints to their healthcare provider.

Q: What are the future directions for research on TB-RO patients?

A: Future research should focus on understanding the factors that affect the risk of the emergence of PJP side effects and effective prevention strategies. Additionally, research should aim to develop new treatment regimens and improve existing ones to reduce the risk of side effects and improve treatment outcomes.