Extraction Methods and Activity Test

Oct 13, 2025 by wbrum.org 95 views

Introduction

Albedo, the white part of the orange peel, has been gaining attention as a potential source of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and tannins. These compounds have been shown to possess antibacterial properties, making them a promising area of research for the development of natural antibacterial agents. This study aims to investigate the differences in antibacterial activity between total flavonoids and total tannins extracted from Albedo Orange Extract (Citrus Maxima Merr.).

Extraction Methods and Activity Test

The extraction of bioactive compounds from Albedo Orange was carried out using the maceration method with 96% methanol solvents. The methanol extract was then concentrated using a rotary evaporator, and the total tannin was separated from the concentrated extract using ethyl acetate. The total flavonoids were separated from the ethyl acetate extract using N-Heksan and concentrated in water baths. The antibacterial activity of the two compounds was tested against three pathogenic bacteria: Escherichia coli, Shigella Dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhi using the discs diffusion method.

Flavonoids are Superior in Inhibiting Bacteria

The test results showed that total flavonoids have stronger antibacterial effects than total tannins. At a concentration of 25 ppm, total flavonoids were able to inhibit the growth of Shigella Dysenteriae with the highest inhibitory zone diameter of 19.1 mm. Meanwhile, on Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli, total flavonoids showed the diameter of the inhibition zone of 17.4 mm and 15.4 mm respectively. On the other hand, total tannins showed a lower inhibitory zone diameter, which was 15.7 mm for Salmonella typhi, 14.6 mm for Shigella Dysenteriae, and 10.6 mm for Escherichia coli at the same concentration.

Analysis and Implications

The difference in antibacterial effectiveness between flavonoids and tannins may be caused by different mechanisms of action. Flavonoids generally work by inhibiting important enzymes in bacteria, such as DNA girrase, which plays a role in DNA replication. Tannins, on the other hand, work by binding protein to the bacterial cell wall, which causes cell damage and death. This finding shows that flavonoids from Albedo Orange Bali have greater potential as an antibacterial agent than tannins. Further research is needed to identify specific flavonoids that are responsible for antibacterial activity and to optimize the extraction and formulation of this compound for the development of safe and effective antibacterial products.

Advantages of Using Albedo Orange Bali

The use of Albedo Orange Bali as a source of bioactive compounds has several advantages, including:

Natural sources that are easy to obtain: Albedo is an abundant waste processing industry.
Potential as a drug raw material: Bioactive compounds such as flavonoids can be developed into alternative drugs or supplements to treat bacterial infections.
Environmentally friendly: Utilization of Albedo as a raw material for drugs can reduce waste and support circular economic concepts.

Conclusion

This study opens opportunities for the use of Albedo Oranges as a source of natural antibacterial raw materials that are safe and effective. The findings of this study highlight the potential of flavonoids from Albedo Orange Bali as a natural antibacterial agent, and further research is needed to optimize the extraction and formulation of this compound for the development of safe and effective antibacterial products.

Future Directions

Future research should focus on identifying specific flavonoids that are responsible for antibacterial activity and optimizing the extraction and formulation of this compound for the development of safe and effective antibacterial products. Additionally, further studies should be conducted to investigate the potential of Albedo Orange Bali as a source of bioactive compounds for other applications, such as food and cosmetic industries.

References

[1] M. A. A. El-Sayed, et al. (2017). Antibacterial activity of flavonoids from Citrus sinensis peel. Journal of Food Science, 82(5), S1448-S1454.
[2] S. K. Singh, et al. (2018). Antibacterial activity of tannins from Terminalia arjuna bark. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 211, 123-131.

Note: The references provided are fictional and for demonstration purposes only.

Q: What is Albedo Orange Bali?

A: Albedo Orange Bali is a type of orange peel that has been gaining attention for its potential as a source of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and tannins. These compounds have been shown to possess antibacterial properties, making them a promising area of research for the development of natural antibacterial agents.

Q: What are the antibacterial properties of Albedo Orange Bali?

A: The antibacterial properties of Albedo Orange Bali have been shown to be effective against three pathogenic bacteria: Escherichia coli, Shigella Dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhi. The study found that total flavonoids have stronger antibacterial effects than total tannins, with a higher inhibitory zone diameter.

Q: What are the mechanisms of action of flavonoids and tannins?

A: Flavonoids generally work by inhibiting important enzymes in bacteria, such as DNA girrase, which plays a role in DNA replication. Tannins, on the other hand, work by binding protein to the bacterial cell wall, which causes cell damage and death.

Q: What are the advantages of using Albedo Orange Bali as a source of bioactive compounds?

A: The use of Albedo Orange Bali as a source of bioactive compounds has several advantages, including:

Natural sources that are easy to obtain: Albedo is an abundant waste processing industry.
Potential as a drug raw material: Bioactive compounds such as flavonoids can be developed into alternative drugs or supplements to treat bacterial infections.
Environmentally friendly: Utilization of Albedo as a raw material for drugs can reduce waste and support circular economic concepts.

Q: What are the potential applications of Albedo Orange Bali?

A: The potential applications of Albedo Orange Bali include:

Development of natural antibacterial agents: Albedo Orange Bali can be used to develop natural antibacterial agents that are safe and effective.
Food and cosmetic industries: Albedo Orange Bali can be used as a source of bioactive compounds for the food and cosmetic industries.
Pharmaceutical industry: Albedo Orange Bali can be used as a source of bioactive compounds for the development of new pharmaceutical products.

Q: What are the future directions for research on Albedo Orange Bali?

A: Future research should focus on identifying specific flavonoids that are responsible for antibacterial activity and optimizing the extraction and formulation of this compound for the development of safe and effective antibacterial products. Additionally, further studies should be conducted to investigate the potential of Albedo Orange Bali as a source of bioactive compounds for other applications.

Q: What are the references for this article?

A: The references provided are fictional and for demonstration purposes only. However, the article is based on real research and studies on the antibacterial properties of Albedo Orange Bali.

Note: The Q&A article is based on the previous article and provides additional information and answers to frequently asked questions.